Yoga as an Effective Treatment for Children with Autism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1770 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Sports Essay Level High school Topics: Yoga Essay Did you like this example? Yoga in modernity is manifested in many forms and has attained a large popular following among those seeking a spiritual or physical respite from hectic and demanding lifestyles. It is most typically known to be a series of poses and muscle control accompanied by breathing exercises. And this is true. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Yoga as an Effective Treatment for Children with Autism" essay for you Create order However, the modern iteration of yoga is a tradition rooted in millennia old Buddhist practices (Mathews et al.). Only after such a duration of practice and record of successful outcomes for a panoply of physical and mental ailments, has it become an evidence-based, effective treatment for Autsim Spectrum Disorder (ASD) that is frequently looked toward to be incorporated by parents, ESE teachers, and therapists (Radhakrishna et al.). ASD is of unknown origin and is without cure, therefore many traditional and non-traditional treatments are used as approaches to mitigate the stereotypical symptoms. Yoga happens to be one that is increasing in popularity and its origin and purpose in self-awareness and self-knowledge reveal why. The word yoga means to link with the divine and it is the method through which ancient yogis connected with God. Yoga has a mixture of roots primarily established in India and used throughout Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. At the earliest point in its history, yoga was also known as the path of liberation and was taught by learned instructors to pupils in the forest of Vedic India. During the sixth century BCE, a particular student sought the teachings of yoga. This student came to be known as the Buddha (Mathews et al.). The Buddha then practiced yoga and instilled it as a tenet of Buddhism after his enlightenment, along with additional practices that he himself designed, such as mindfulness, and the other principles as summarized in the Noble Eightfold Path (Rahula). It should be noted that according to Hanna et.al, Yoga and Buddhism are both characterized by their methods and means for attaining intuitive knowledge through the application of consciousness, leading beyond language and beyond subject or object distinctions. This notion of yoga only partly refers to the currently popular practice of assuming various physical postures, for example, as included in hatha yoga. However, it still involves specific mental practices designed to increase and enhance consciousness and awareness. This increase of mental and physical practices is particularly suited for children with ASD, whose stereotypical symptoms can benefit from becoming more aware of their physical and emotional selves. These practices indeed work to counter this very challenging symptom of ASD, which is the lack of self-regulation. ASD is a neurological disorder that hinders social communication and behavior regulation. It can be diagnosed at any age, however, it is usually manifested and diagnosed at approximately two years of age. Some stereotypical symptoms include lack of communication skills including complete lack of verbalization in some cases, inability to regulate their own emotions, gross body motor habits such as bouncing or arm flapping, intended to self regulate when the child has not learned appropriate techniques (NIMH ? » Autism Spectrum Disorder). Crucially, recent research claims that he does not necessarily direct, primary cognitive issues that cause autistic children to be deficient. However, it is a lack of early social interaction which prevents children from having as many opportunities to socialize and communicate as possible that secondarily causes their stereotypical symptoms, which is one main reason yoga at early intervention may be so effective (Loftin et al.) Based on the typical symptoms of autism it is a natural conclusion that the benefits of yoga which benefit the general population and typically developing humans would also served as a benefit for autistic children. There are a number of ways in which yoga may help. First he can provide social interaction opportunities in order to grow social communication skills next it can provide self regulation of gross motor movement through controlling of muscles third Ifff can provide emotional regulation threw common mental and respiratory exercises. As follows, much research exists to link yoga to the various clusters of symptoms of ASD. A good summary of the benefits of yoga and the various domains of improvement can be seen in the article, 6 Benefits of Yoga for Children with Autism. In it, Shawnee Hardy names Increased Social-Communication Skills, Awareness and Expression of Emotions, Reduced Anxiety, Reduction in Challenging Behaviors, Increased Body Awareness, and Positive Sense of Self . As follows, much research exists to link yoga to the various clusters of symptoms of ASD. In an article entitled, Social interaction and repetitive motor behaviors, repetitive motor behavior among students with ASD, including body rocking and hand flapping, is addressed. These stereotypes are visible among children with autism as a strategy for self-maintenance. The study showed that after group therapy and structured group play, these body motor stereotypes decreased. Unfortunately, only three students with autism participated in this study. They were established as identified with autism buy school system personnel. Again, the social interaction monitored included play with typically developing peers. The amount of social interaction experience by these students during their recess time correlated directly with a decrease in their repetitive body motor behaviors. Therefore social interaction per se, along with social interaction with typically developing peers can provide students with autism alternative ways to self-monitor. This will, of course, carryover into structu red yoga practice (Loftin et al.). This leads to even more specific studies wherein yoga has shown to be effective. As a continuation of the social implications of specific yoga practice with youth with ASD, the article, Effects of multimodal mandala yoga on social and emotional skills for youth with autism spectrum disorder: An exploratory study, analyzed how a multimodal Mandala yoga would effect youth with ASD. In the study, five students went to hour long yoga sessions, two times per week. Multimodal Mandala yoga included 26 circular partner/group poses, color and tracing sheets, rhythmic chanting, yoga cards, and games (Litchke et al.). The students were rated on mood and emotional scales both before and after the eight sessions and both rating scales showed improved social and mood measurements. The investigation finished up by establishing that a Mandala yoga program can encourage social and emotional development and advancement for male youth with ASD. It might likewise affect their family, network, and scholarly commitment. It also recommended further studies (Litchke et al.). Since social interaction is so important regarding quality of life for students with ASD, many studies seek to improve social interactions and social communication. Yet another article provides evidence of the high quality improvement yielded buy yoga regularly being practiced with students with ASD. In this study, six students with ASD participated in yoga along with their typical treatment and another six served as a control group exclusively doing sololy their typical treatment without the yoga. Assessments were taken on nine targeted behaviors before, during, and after the yoga therapy. The conclusion indicated that among the yoga group, social skills, and social communicative behaviors were improved, therefore improving quality of life. This article also makes mention that no single method of complementary and alternative medicine has proven as effective as yoga. Parents are eager to try it because it is effective and provides no negative side effects. Finally, the article discu sses yogas concentration on physiological and psychological processes, respiratory manipulation, postures and cognitive control, and how yoga practice throughout a lifetime will assist children with ASD (Radhakrishna et al.). The final study with yet more evidence that the thousand-year-old practice is improving the lives of even the most special among us, discusses the effect of a yoga training program on the severity of autism in children with high functioning autism. This study contains 29 children ages 7 to 15. Each child was randomly assigned to the control group or to the yoga group. At the beginning and end of the program the results of the autism evaluation checklist showed significant differences between the two groups, with regards to all scores on a checklist. This is yet another study that shows positive outcomes of yoga as practice in high functioning students with autism. The conclusion of the study sums it up well. Yoga employs structured, predictable patterns and environments which happen to be essential tools for children with autism. In classrooms for children with autism, these tenets of modeled discipline, structured familiarity, and the all important and social self-regulation. It als o mentions a sense of self-awareness; an awareness of the body muscles which assists children with autism in controlling their physical tendencies to move rapidly and repetitively. Student paying attention to their breathing and their emotional regulation also occurs through yoga and is beneficial for children with ASD (Sotoodeh et al.). Study after study shows evidence that this method is obviously successful. Not only does it improve the social interaction and language, it is a good way to help students with ASD become altogether more adjusted. Another excellent facet of yoga is that it works multiple skills at once. As mentioned before, not only is this a language improvement strategy but it also improve social skills, organization, patience, self-maintenance and more. When applied to activities with manual dexterity, structured yoga can also improve motor skills. Students with ASD practicing yoga is a naturally following addendum to the notion of society at large performing yoga and passing that success along to their neural atypical counterparts. Works Cited NIMH ? » Autism Spectrum Disorder. Nimh.Nih.Gov, 2018, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml. Accessed 3 Nov 2018. HANNA, FRED J. et al. Recovering The Original Phenomenological Research Method: An Exploration Of Husserl, Yoga, Buddhism, And New Frontiers In Humanistic Counseling. The Journal Of Humanistic Counseling, vol 56, no. 2, 2017, pp. 144-162. Wiley, doi:10.1002/johc.12049. Hardy, Shawnee. 6 Benefits Of Yoga For Children With Autism Autism Parenting Magazine. Autism Parenting Magazine, 2018, https://www.autismparentingmagazine.com/creating-inner-peace-the-benefits-of-yoga-for-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorder/. Accessed 3 Nov 2018. Litchke, Lyn et al. Effects Of Multimodal Mandala Yoga On Social And Emotional Skills For Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Exploratory Study. Doaj.Org, 2018, https://doaj.org/article/228f980884df43b88044a9428a526d03. Accessed 3 Nov 2018. Loftin, Rachel L. et al. Social Interaction And Repetitive Motor Behaviors. Journal Of Autism And Developmental Disorders, vol 38, no. 6, 2007, pp. 1124-1135. Springer Nature, doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0499-5. Mathews, Bejoy et al. History Of Yoga. Yoga Basics, 2018, https://www.yogabasics.com/learn/history-of-yoga/. Accessed 3 Nov 2018. Radhakrishna, S et al. Integrated Approach To Yoga Therapy And Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal Of Ayurveda And Integrative Medicine, vol 1, no. 2, 2010, p. 120. Elsevier BV, doi:10.4103/0975-9476.65089. Rahula, Walpola. What The Buddha Taught /Walpola Sri Rahula. Fraser, 1982. Sotoodeh, Mohammad Saber et al. Effectiveness Of Yoga Training Program On The Severity Of Autism. Complementary Therapies In Clinical Practice, vol 28, 2017, pp. 47-53. Elsevier BV, doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.05.001.

Essay on The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson - 1173 Words

In today’s society we perceive the lottery as being a great fortune brought down upon you by Lady Luck. It is a serendipitous event, even if the person has done nothing to earn it. One would never see the lottery as an unfortunate occasion that occurred in your life because it is supposed to bring prosperity into your life. Also, one would not dare to think that winning the lottery would bring such repercussions as injury or death. In the short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, the author could have used Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson as the town’s scapegoat due to their reluctance to change traditions, her horrible work ethic, and minority status as a woman. In every village it is always difficult to try and change they ways of the†¦show more content†¦Old Man Warner is a man who has lived through more than seventy lottery drawings, and has the traditions of the village deep within his roots. Old Man Warner gets word that in a northern village they a re considering to stop the lottery tradition, and he just says that they are crazy (Jackson ). From his reaction to the statement made by Mr. Adams, we can tell that he does not want there to be change because the tradition is imbedded in his system. What others may see as brutal or heinous, he sees as mandatory and obligatory. The men in the village have the ultimate say in what goes on, and when changes need to be made. As men dictate what is to occur in society, more and more women want to have respect to have their voices heard, as well. The children run around and do as they wish without regarding their mother’s commands. They only listen to the father’s, and what they say. As Jackson said â€Å"His father spoke up sharply, and Bobby came quickly and took his place between his father and his oldest brother† (Jackson ). Before Bobby Martin’s father had called out to him, his mother had to repeatedly call out his name in order for him to come. Bobby ev entually went to his mother, but she was next to his father when he did so. We also get a sense of minority on behalf of the women, because they are seen as less, even by their children. When the roll call is occurring they notice that Mr. Clyde Dunbar is not attending because he has recently brokenShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the ma in character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered among st their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Gun Control misc6 Essay Example For Students

Gun Control misc6 Essay Americans are faced with an ever-growing problem of violence. Our streets have become a battleground where the elderly are beaten for their social security checks, where terrified women are viciously attacked and raped. Each day teenage gangsters shoot it out for a patch of turf to sell their illegal drugs, and where innocent children are caught daily in the crossfire of drive-by shootings. We cannot ignore the damage that these criminals are doing to our society, and we must take actions to stop these horrors. However, the efforts by some misguided individuals to eliminate the legal ownership of firearms does not address the real problem at hand, and simply disarms the innocent law-abiding citizens who are most in need of a form of self-defense. To fully understand the reasons behind the gun control efforts, we must look at the history of our country, and the role firearms have played in it. The second amendment to the Constitution of the United States makes firearm ownership legal in this country. There were good reasons for this freedom, reasons which persist today. Firearms in the new world were used initially for hunting, and occasionally for self-defense. However, when the colonist felt that the burden of British oppression was too much for them to bear, they picked up their personal firearms and went to war. Standing against the British armies, these rebels found themselves opposed by the greatest military force in the world at that time. The founding fathers of the country understood that an armed populace aided in fighting off oppression. They made the right to keep and bear arms a constitutionally guaranteed right. Thomas Jefferson said in the draft of the Virginia Constitution No man shall ever be debarred the use of arms(n. pag.). To day Congress, claiming that they want to take guns out of the hands of criminals, have worked to pass legislation that would take the guns out of the hands of law-abiding citizens instead. The question is the efforts of gun control do not address the real problem of crime. Therefore, if we pass laws restricting ownership of firearms, which category of people does it affect? The simple answer is that gun control laws affect law- abiding citizens only. Criminals will continue to violate these new laws, they will continue to carry their firearms, and they will find their efforts at crime much easier when they know that their victims will be unarmed. An unarmed man stands little chance against an armed one. In many states, including Florida and Texas, citizens have stated that they want to preserve their right to carry firearms for self- defense. Since the late 1980s, Florida has been issuing concealed weapons permits to law-abiding citizens, and these citizens have been carrying thei r firearms to defend themselves from rampant crime. The result is that the incidence of violent crime has actually dropped in contrast to the national average. Previously, Florida had been leading the nation in this category, and the citizens of that state have welcomed the change (Florida State Firearm Laws n. pag.). Gun control advocates tried to claim that there would be bloodshed in the streets when these citizens were given the right to carry. They tried to claim that the cities of Florida would become like Dodge City with shootouts on every street corner, and duels over simple disagreements. These gun control advocates were wrong. More than 200,000 concealed carry permits have been issued so far, with only 36 of these permits revoked for improper use of a firearm (Facts You Can Use n.pag.). .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a , .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a .postImageUrl , .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a , .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a:hover , .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a:visited , .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a:active { border:0!important; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a:active , .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaea341ecd325303506b4dc7be575ef3a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cheating and Plagiarism May Lead to Expulsion Jour EssayThis statistic is easy to understand. It is the law-abiding citizens who are going through the process of getting concealed carry permits so that they may legally carry a firearm. The people who go through this legal process do not want to break the law, and they do not intend to break the law. The people who do intend to break the law will carry their guns whether or not the law allows them to do so. Today, criminals often carry illegal weapons, including sawed-off shotguns, machine guns, and homemade zip-guns, clearly showing their disregard for the current laws which make these items illegal. When they are caught, the courts regularly dismiss these lesser weapons charges prosecute for the more serious charges, like murder, that are being committed with the weapons. The gun control advocates have argued their case by demonizing the gun itself, rather than addressing the people who commit violent crimes. This is the main fallacy in their argument. They attempt to claim that possession of a gun turns average citizens into bloodthirsty lunatics. This theory falls apart under close scrutiny. If legal possession of a firearm caused this sort of attitude, then why are crime rates highest in areas such as Washington, D.C. and New York City which have strict gun control laws? Why are crime rates dropping in sates such as Florida where private ownership of firearms is encourage? Simply stated, legal ownership of a gun does not cause crime. The act of making it illegal to own firearms does little to prevent criminals from getting guns. These laws only restrict people who respect the law itself, the people who would only use firearms for legal purposes anyway. When we give people the right to defend themselves, we find that criminals start looking for other victims out of fear that they will become the victims themselves. We must work to reduce crime in America, but we should look at the problem realistically, and develop plans that would be effective. Obviously, gun control laws are neither realistic, nor effective in reducing crime. Therefore, we must direct our efforts toward controlling crime, not controlling legal ownership of firearms. Bibliography:Works CitedFacts You Can Use. Webcrawler. 5 March 2000. Florida State Firearm Laws. Webcrawler. 5 March 2000. Thomas Jefferson. Draft Virginia Constitution. 1776. Webcrawler. 5 March 2000.

Switzerland Essay Example For Students

Switzerland Essay Switzerland is best described by conveying an understanding of its geography, political, economic, cultural and social environments. The geography of the country has had a significant impact on its way of life. Switzerland is bordered by Germany in the north, Austria and the Principality of Liechtenstein in the east, Italy in the south and France in the west. This represents many significant European cultures converging on Switzerland the German speaking region, the French and the Italian. Two thirds of the Swiss population lives in the Plateau, between Lake Geneva and Lake Constance, in 30 percent of the countrys surface area. There are 450 people to every 1 km2 (1,166 per square mile). This makes the country one of the most densely populated regions of Europe and a promising prospect for marketing a product. The country that we know today took its final shape only in 1848. Before that time, we cannot really speak of Swiss history, but rather the history of its various parts, which only gradually came together. Political EnvironmentSwitzerland is a nation shaped by the resolve of its citizens: it is not an ethnic, linguistic or religious entity. Since 1848, it has been a federal state one of 23 in the world and the second oldest after the United States of America. Like the U.S., Switzerland values the idea of federalism and sovereignty, which has ensured its historical survival. The main political parties in Switzerland are the Swiss Peoples Party (SVP), Social-democratic Party (SP), Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Christian Democratic Party (CVP) and the Green Party. The Federal Constitution is the legal foundation of the Confederation. It contains the most important rules for the smooth functioning of the state. It guarantees the basic rights of the people and the participation of the public. It distributes the tasks between the Confederation and the cantons and defines the responsibilities of the authorities. Switzerland has a federal structure with three different political levels:the Federation the cantons the local authorities The Federation is the Swiss designation of the State (the term Confederation is also frequently used). The Federation has authority in all areas in which it is empowered by the Federal Constitution for example, foreign and security policy, customs and monetary policy, legislation that is valid through the country and in other areas that are in the common interest of all Swiss citizens. Tasks which do not expressly fall within the province of the Federation are handled at the next lower level, i.e. by the cantons. The head of state is the federal president; the post is purely ceremonial and rotates annually among the members of the Federal Council. We will write a custom essay on Switzerland specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A Federal Council (the executive authority) of seven members elected individually for a four-year term by, but not necessarily from, the two houses of parliament in joint session. After the formation of the coalition between the four major political parties in 1959 (the so-called magic formula), the Federal Council was made up of two members each from the Social-democratic Party, the Radical Democratic Party and the Christian Democratic Party, as well as one member of the Swiss Peoples Party. Following the federal election on October 19th 2003, the distribution of seats in the Federal Council changed, with the Swiss Peoples Party increasing its number of seats to two, leaving the Christian Democratic Party with one seat. Switzerland is divided into 26 cantons. There are German-speaking and French-speaking cantons, one Italian-speaking canton and cantons in which both German and French are spoken. In one canton (Graubnden) German, Italian and Rhaeto-Romanic (Rumantsch) are spoken. .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .postImageUrl , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:hover , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:visited , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:active { border:0!important; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:active , .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52 .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u16d620ded27c3abc61b4a39bc957db52:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts of speech Analysis EssayEach canton has its own constitution, its government, its parliament, its courts and its laws, though they must, of course, be compatible with those of the Confederation. The cantons enjoy a great deal of administrative autonomy and freedom of decision-making. They have independent control over their education systems and social services, and each has its own police force. Each canton also sets its own level of taxation. Each of the 26 cantons and half-cantons has a parliament elected by universal suffrage, and a government the organization of which varies from canton to canton. In two cantons the principle of universal sovereignty is exercised directly through assemblies of all voters. The cantons are sovereign

Free Essays on Separate Generations, Separate Lifestyles

Separate Generations, Separate Lifestyles Sally and her friends all decide to go to the bowling alley on Friday. They all pile into one car and go to hang out at the bowling alley. Everyone gathers up there spare change they made throughout the week working with ma and pa. Its not much, but enough to bowl one game. They have fun and its time to go home. Everyone’s curfew is 10 o’clock, so they better hustle home. They all get home, wash their hands and brush their teeth. They are in bed by 11 o’clock. Sound familiar? Not to our generation, but probably to the generations of our parents. The main difference between the our parents generations and ours is that we live in a world of technology, rather than a manual one. Everything we do has to do with technology, from watching TV to cooking supper. We live in the computer generation world. You can do unimaginable things with the internet now, pay bills, apply for college, chat with people from other countries, and find about anything you want about any subject. When our parents were young they would go to school, come home and work till supper and then go to bed. They never really had free time until the weekends, that’s if their parents let them go out. Today kids run wild all over town, from Monday thru Sunday. We always find something to do like going to the mall or eating, whereas our parents usually only did that kind of stuff on the weekends. Another big difference is our morals and beliefs. Our parents generation was about working for all they had, and today we just sit back and relax while the parents w ork. We rarely ever have to help with the expenses of the family. We think that its ok to miss church on Sunday to go to the mall and shop, where as church was an every Sunday occurrence. Our parents generation was all about rituals and repetition, never anything out of the ordinary. Earlier generations also weren’t as advanced as we are. We might have the good, but we ... Free Essays on Separate Generations, Separate Lifestyles Free Essays on Separate Generations, Separate Lifestyles Separate Generations, Separate Lifestyles Sally and her friends all decide to go to the bowling alley on Friday. They all pile into one car and go to hang out at the bowling alley. Everyone gathers up there spare change they made throughout the week working with ma and pa. Its not much, but enough to bowl one game. They have fun and its time to go home. Everyone’s curfew is 10 o’clock, so they better hustle home. They all get home, wash their hands and brush their teeth. They are in bed by 11 o’clock. Sound familiar? Not to our generation, but probably to the generations of our parents. The main difference between the our parents generations and ours is that we live in a world of technology, rather than a manual one. Everything we do has to do with technology, from watching TV to cooking supper. We live in the computer generation world. You can do unimaginable things with the internet now, pay bills, apply for college, chat with people from other countries, and find about anything you want about any subject. When our parents were young they would go to school, come home and work till supper and then go to bed. They never really had free time until the weekends, that’s if their parents let them go out. Today kids run wild all over town, from Monday thru Sunday. We always find something to do like going to the mall or eating, whereas our parents usually only did that kind of stuff on the weekends. Another big difference is our morals and beliefs. Our parents generation was about working for all they had, and today we just sit back and relax while the parents w ork. We rarely ever have to help with the expenses of the family. We think that its ok to miss church on Sunday to go to the mall and shop, where as church was an every Sunday occurrence. Our parents generation was all about rituals and repetition, never anything out of the ordinary. Earlier generations also weren’t as advanced as we are. We might have the good, but we ...

Art, the voice of individual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art, the voice of individual - Essay Example Governance supervises the activities of every member of the society including artists. In the past, oppressive governments discouraged the liberty in arts. This made artists become more determined in expressing their works through creative means. From history, politics have always been in constant conflict with the freedom of expression which, coincidentally, made the industry thrive. Through the criticisms of governments, arts have become so celebrated that today most media houses have a creative editorial on the state of governance, social welfare, and even politics within the societies they exist in. This coincidentally validates W. Benjamin’s claims that political values have led to the development of the modern day art (Arthur 66). Arts and craft are expressions of opinions. This simply implies that the two are authentic and do not require any approval from a third party to be accepted as being so. Freedom provides for the right to hold and express opinions on whichever topic rife within the community. Unfortunately, politics has been one of the most common topics within the society thereby attracting more opinions from the populace. Controversies lead to the development of more opinions from people most of which are negative. This explains why only controversial leaders have always been opposed to the growth and development of arts within their societies. A society, on the other hand, refers to a group of people living together in an organized community. This thus implies that the people in a society share certain aspects of life such as culture, norms, and practices. The order inferred to in the definition of society is instilled by politics. A political system entails a structured system of personalities charged with the governance of a country or a region. There are different types of political structures key among which include democracy. Democracy refers to a type of political system in which political leaders are fairly elected from

Incarceration Rates in Juvenile Offenders Essay

Incarceration Rates in Juvenile Offenders - Essay Example are all strongly linked to the drug business. The Juvenile Justice System is the legal system responsible for looking after cases involving the minors. The system came into being in 1899 in the US policy so that the young people can understand the effects of their actions, and comprehend the irreversible reality of committing a criminal act. The other reason that the Juvenile Justice System was formed was because of the peril youth faced in the adult prison. Young offenders were at a great risk of being molested at the hands of adult criminals and committing suicide. Those children who end up in adult institutions, however, have it worst of all. Children in any adult institution are more vulnerable and more likely to be exploited as the Amnesty report says that they are eight times more likely to commit suicide, five times more likely to be raped, and thrice more likely to be crushed by workers than are kids in juvenile confinements. (Amnesty, 1998) America's juvenile justice system is there to keep its nationals safe and guiding delinquent youth on the right track. Fulfilling these two major responsibilities has put the policymakers and public in general, in a tight spot; as in which of the two aims should receive the most weightage, and thus, funding. (Juvenile Justice) In a stark contrast to the bas... (Mears 2006).The 1990s saw legislatures across the country enact laws under which an increasing number of delinquents could be tried in criminal courts and sent to prison. In almost every state of the US, youths aged 13 or 14 (or less) can be prosecuted and punished as adults for a broad range of offenses, even including nonviolent crimes. Even within the juvenile system, punishments have grown progressively crueler. Amnesty's findings say that there are 200,000 children per year are prosecuted in general criminal courts, and approximately 7,000 of those children locked up in jails before trial. Over 11,000 delinquents are presently being imprisoned in adult correctional facilities (Amnesty International 1998). State Level Variation Though an exponential increase in juvenile incarcerations, little thought has been given to the inter-state variations. According to Mears in his Prison Journal (2006) these are four possible reasons: First, expenditure in juvenile incarceration would be greater where symbolic intimidations to social order are pretty high. Second, it would be more in those states where crime rate, especially juvenile violent crime, is high. Third, juvenile incarceration would imitate those deemed appropriate for adult offenders; so the states with higher adult incarceration rates may incarcerate more juveniles. Finally, if the juvenile incarcerations are culturally accepted then it would lead to higher rates of juvenile incarceration. Public Opinion Matters This trend can be attributed to the public concern about the threat of youth after highly publicized crimes such as school shootings etc. But the fact is that the assorted opinion surveys which have